Apparatus and methods for power control in satellite communications systems with satellite-linked terrestrial stations

ABSTRACT

A signal power control loop is provided for a link between a terrestrial station and a terminal when the terminal and a satellite are linked via the terrestrial station. The signal power control loop may control transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station. In some embodiments, the signal power control loop controls transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station independent of signal power control for a link between the terrestrial station and the satellite.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to wireless communications systems and methods, and more particularly, to satellite communications systems and methods.

Satellite communications systems and methods are widely used for voice and data communications. Satellite communications systems and methods generally employ at least one space-based component, such as one or more satellites, that is configured to wirelessly communicate with terminals.

A satellite communications system or method may utilize a single radiation pattern (antenna beam), such as a “global” beam, covering an entire area (footprint) served by the system. Alternatively, in cellular satellite communications systems and methods, multiple radiation patterns (antenna beams, or spot beams) are provided, each of which can serve distinct geographic areas in the overall service region of a satellite system, to collectively serve an overall satellite system footprint. Thus, a cellular architecture similar to that used in conventional terrestrial cellular/PCS communications systems and methods can be implemented in cellular satellite-based systems and methods. The satellite (space segment) typically communicates with terminals over a bidirectional communications pathway, with radio communication signals being communicated from the satellite to a terminal over a downlink or forward link, and from the terminal to the satellite over an uplink or return link.

As is well known to those having skill in the art, terrestrial networks can enhance satellite communications system availability, efficiency and/or economic viability by terrestrially reusing and/or re-radiating at least some of the frequency bands that are allocated to and/or radiated by the satellite communications system. In particular, it is known that it may be difficult for satellite communications systems to reliably serve densely populated areas, because the satellite signal may be blocked by high-rise structures and/or may not penetrate into buildings. As a result, the satellite band spectrum may be underutilized or unutilized in such areas. The use of terrestrial retransmission techniques of at least some of the satellite band frequencies can reduce or eliminate this problem.

Moreover, the capacity of a system comprising satellite and terrestrial retransmission of at least some of the satellite band frequencies can be increased significantly, relative to a corresponding satellite-only system, since terrestrial frequency reuse can be much denser (compact) than that of a satellite-only system. In fact, capacity may be enhanced where it may be mostly needed, i.e., in densely populated urban/industrial/commercial areas. As a result, the overall (hybrid) system may become more economically viable, as it may be able to serve a much larger subscriber base. Finally, terminals for a satellite communications system having a terrestrial component within the same satellite frequency band and using substantially the same air interface for both terrestrial and satellite communications can be more cost effective and/or aesthetically appealing. Conventional dual band/dual mode alternatives, such as the well known Thuraya, Iridium and/or Globalstar dual mode satellite/terrestrial radiotelephone systems, may duplicate some components, which may lead to increased cost, size and/or weight of the radiotelephone.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,684,057, to coinventor Karabinis, and entitled Systems and Methods for Terrestrial Reuse of Cellular Satellite Frequency Spectrum, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth fully herein, describes that a satellite communications frequency can be reused terrestrially by an ancillary terrestrial network even within the same satellite cell, using interference cancellation techniques. United States Patent Application Publication 2003/0153267 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/151,567, filed May 20, 2002) describes a satellite communications system that includes a terrestrial terminal interface subsystem, e.g., a terrestrial base station, operative to communicate with a satellite gateway via a communications satellite using a first radio interface and to communicate with wireless terminals over a geographic area using a second radio interface.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments of the present invention, methods are provided for operating a satellite wireless communications system including a satellite configured to communicate with terminals directly and to communicate with terminals indirectly via a terrestrial station. A signal power control loop is provided for a link between the terrestrial station and a terminal when the terminal and the satellite are linked via the terrestrial station. The signal power control loop may control transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station. In some embodiments, the signal power control loop controls transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station independent of signal power control for a link between the terrestrial station and the satellite.

In further embodiments, a first signal power control loop is provided for a first link between the terrestrial station and the terminal. A second signal power control loop is provided for a combination of the first link and a second link between the terrestrial station and the satellite concurrent with provision of the first signal power control loop. In a nested configuration, the first control loop may be responsive to the second control loop.

In further embodiments of the present invention, a satellite wireless communications system includes a satellite configured to communicate with terminals directly and to communicate with terminals indirectly via a terrestrial station. The system further includes first signal power control loop that controls a first link between the terrestrial station and the terminal when the terminal and the satellite are linked via the terrestrial station and a second signal power control loop that controls a second link between the terminal and the satellite serving the satellite when the terminal is in direct communication with the satellite. The first signal power control loop may control transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station. In some embodiments of the present invention, the first signal power control loop controls transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station independent of signal power control for a link between the terrestrial station and the satellite.

In additional embodiments of the present invention, a satellite wireless communications system includes a satellite and a terrestrial station. The satellite is configured to communicate with terminals directly and to communicate with terminals indirectly via the terrestrial station. The system further includes a signal power controller operative to control a signal power control loop for a link between the terrestrial station and a terminal when the terminal and the satellite are linked via the terrestrial station. The signal power controller may be positioned at the terrestrial station and/or the terminal.

In some embodiments, the terrestrial station comprises a first demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a signal received from the satellite and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a first regenerated signal, a first modulator configured to modulate the first regenerated signal, and a first power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated first regenerated signal for transmission to the terminal. The terrestrial station further includes a second demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a received signal from the terminal and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a second regenerated signal, a second modulator configured to modulate the second regenerated signal, and a second power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated second regenerated signal for transmission to the satellite. The first demodulation and regeneration unit may be operative to extract transmitted power control information from the signal received from the satellite and to responsively control the second power amplifier. The second demodulation and regeneration unit may be operative to extract transmitted power control information from the signal received from the satellite and to responsively control the first power amplifier. In further embodiments, the first demodulation and regeneration unit may be operative to determine received signal power for the signal received from the satellite and to responsively provide power control information to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. The second demodulation and regeneration unit may be operative to determine received signal power for the signal received from the terminal and to responsively provide power control information to the first demodulation and regeneration unit.

According to additional aspects of the present invention, a terrestrial station is provided for a satellite wireless communications system including a satellite configured to communicate with terminals directly and to communicate with terminals indirectly via the terrestrial station. The terrestrial station includes an interface converter operative to translate between air interfaces for a first link between the terrestrial station and a terminal and second link between the terrestrial station and the satellite and to communicate power control information for a power control loop for the first link.

In some embodiments, the interface converter includes a first demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a signal received from the satellite and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a first regenerated signal, a first modulator configured to modulate the first regenerated signal, and a first power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated first regenerated signal for transmission to the terminal. The terrestrial station further includes a second demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a received signal from the terminal and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a second regenerated signal, a second modulator configured to modulate the second regenerated signal, and a second power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated second regenerated signal for transmission to the satellite. The first demodulation and regeneration unit may be operative to extract transmitted power control information from the signal received from the satellite and to responsively control the second power amplifier. The second demodulation and regeneration unit may be operative to extract transmitted power control information from the signal received from the terminal and to responsively control the first power amplifier. The first demodulation and regeneration unit may also be operative to determine received signal power for the signal received from the satellite and to responsively provide power control information to the second demodulation and regeneration unit. The second demodulation and regeneration unit may also be operative to determine received signal power for the signal received from the terminal and to responsively provide power control information to the first demodulation and regeneration unit.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a satellite communications system according to some embodiments of the present invention.

FIGS. 2-8 are schematic diagrams illustrating signal power control loops according to various embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating exemplary signal power control information flow in a terrestrial station according to further embodiments of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Specific exemplary embodiments of the invention now will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, like numbers refer to like elements. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. Furthermore, “connected” or “coupled” as used herein may include wirelessly connected or coupled. As used herein the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless expressly stated otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “comprises,” “including” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

As used herein, the term “terminal” includes cellular and/or satellite radiotelephones with or without a multi-line display; Personal Communications System (PCS) terminals that may combine a radiotelephone with data processing, facsimile and/or data communications capabilities; Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) that can include a radio frequency transceiver and a pager, Internet/intranet access, Web browser, organizer, calendar and/or a global positioning system (GPS) receiver; and/or conventional laptop and/or palmtop computers or other appliances, which include a radio frequency transceiver. Terminals include, but are not limited to, devices or equipment that may have time-varying or fixed geographic coordinates, and may be portable, transportable, installed in a vehicle (aeronautical, maritime, or land-based), airborne and/or situated and/or configured to operate locally and/or in a distributed fashion at any other location(s) on earth, in the atmosphere and/or in space. A terminal may also be referred to herein as a radioterminal or radiotelephone.

FIG. 1 illustrates a satellite communications system 100 according to some embodiments of the present invention. The system 100 includes a satellite 120 that is in communications with other infrastructure components 130, e.g., a satellite gateway 132. It will be appreciated that other infrastructure 134 may include, for example, components of an ancillary terrestrial network (ATN) as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,684,057. The satellite 120 is configured to communicate with a terminal 10 over a radio link 125 a. The system 100 further includes a satellite-linked terrestrial station 110 including a satellite antenna 112 configured to communicate with the satellite 120 over a link 115 and a terrestrial antenna 116 configured to communicate with the terminal 10 over a link 125 b. The terrestrial station 110 further includes an interface converter 114 operative to convert between the air interfaces used on the links 115 and 125 b. The links 115, 125 b and the terrestrial station 110 may provide an ancillary path for communications between the system 100 and the terminal 10, as described in the aforementioned United States Patent Application Publication 2003/0153267. It will be appreciated that the links 125 a, 125 b, 115 and 135 may be unidirectional or bidirectional, e.g., the terrestrial station 110 may serve as a bidirectional relay station or may be a transmit-only or receive-only station, as described in the aforementioned United States Patent Application Publication 2003/0153267. It will be further understood that the terrestrial station 110 may be positioned and/or confined at substantially a single geographic site, configured on a vehicle (land-mobile, aeronautical, maritime, and/or other), or may be operative in a distributed configuration over a plurality of geographic sites, e.g., using a plurality of geographically distributed terrestrial antennas.

As further shown in FIG. 1, when the satellite 120 is in direct communication with the terminal 10, a power control loop 140 is provided between the terminal 10 and the satellite 120 and/or the satellite gateway 132. For example, the power control loop 140 may comprise a power control loop for the link 125 a, and a separate power control loop could be provided for the satellite-gateway link 135. Alternatively, the power control loop 140 may be operatively configured to compensate for channel variations between the terminal 10 and the satellite gateway 132, i.e., to control signal power across an aggregation of the links 125 a, 135. In still other embodiments, the power control loop 140 may have a “nested” structure, e.g., an inner loop may be provided for the link 125 a between the terminal 10 and the satellite 120, and an outer power control loop may be configured to extend between the terminal 10 and the gateway 132. It will be further appreciated that the power control loop 140 may comprise respective power control loops for transmissions in respective directions supported by the link 125 a, e.g., separate power control loops configured to control transmissions from the terminal 10 and the satellite 120, respectively.

Still referring to FIG. 1, when the terminal 10 is indirectly communicating with the satellite 120 via the terrestrial station 110, a power control loop 150 a may be provided between the terminal 10 and the terrestrial station 110. As shown, a separate power control loop 150 b may be provided between the terrestrial station 110 and the satellite 120, gateway 132 and/or other components of the system 100. Some embodiments of the present invention arise from a realization that such an arrangement may be advantageous due to significant differences in signal propagation conditions and delays for the terrestrial link 125 b vis a vis the satellite links 115, 135. It will be appreciated that the power control loop 150 a may comprise a single loop if the link 125 b is unidirectional, or, if the link 125 b is bidirectional, may include respective power control loops for transmissions in respective directions supported by the link 125 b, e.g., separate power control loops configured to control transmissions from the terminal 10 and the terrestrial station 110, respectively.

FIGS. 2-4 illustrate exemplary power control loops 200, 300, 400 that may be used when a terminal is directly communicating with a satellite in a satellite communications system configured as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary power control loop 200 for controlling signal power for radio signals transmitted by a terminal 220 to a satellite 210 of a satellite communications system, such as the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1. In particular, FIG. 2 illustrates a terminal signal power control architecture in which the satellite 210 and/or other satellite communications system infrastructure controls the transmitted signal power of the terminal 220. A signal power controller 212, which may be located at the satellite 210 and/or in other system infrastructure linked to the satellite 210, such as a ground-based satellite gateway, is operative to generate a signal power command 215 responsive to a measure of received power 235 of a signal transmitted over a channel 230 by the terminal 220. The satellite 210 transmits the power command 215 to the terminal 220, which receives the power command 215 and responsively controls its transmitted signal power 225. It will be appreciated that the power command 215 may comprise, for example, an indication of a desired absolute power level (e.g., X watts) and/or an incremental command, e.g., a command to increase or decrease the transmitted signal power 225 by a predetermined (constant or variable) amount.

FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative power control loop 300 in which a power controller 322 is resident in a terminal 320, rather than in the satellite communications system. A satellite 310 receives signals from the terminal 320 over a channel 330. The satellite 310 (and/or other components of the system infrastructure coupled thereto) responsively determines received signal power 335 for the signal and transmits a measure 315 of the received signal power to the terminal 320. The power controller 322 controls a transmitted signal power 325 of the terminal 320 responsive to the communicated power measure 315, i.e., using the power measure 315 as a feedback signal.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary power control loop 400 that controls signal power for radio signals transmitted to a terminal 420 by a satellite of a satellite communications system, such as the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1. The terminal 420 receives radio signals transmitted by the satellite communications system 410 (i.e. from a satellite) over a channel 430. The satellite communications system 410 includes a signal power controller 412 that is operative to control its transmitted signal power 425 responsive to a measure 425 of received signal power 435 generated by the terminal 420. It will be appreciated that, in some embodiments of the present invention, an alternative to the configuration in FIG. 4 could involve providing the signal power control capability in the terminal 420, e.g., by providing a controller in the terminal 420 that transmits power commands to the satellite communications system 410.

FIGS. 5-7 illustrate exemplary signal power control loop configurations that may be used when a terminal is indirectly communicating with a satellite via a terrestrial station according to further embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary power control loop 500 for controlling transmitted signal power for radio signals transmitted by a terminal 520 to a terrestrial station 510 of a satellite communications system such as the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1. In particular, FIG. 5 illustrates a terminal power control architecture in which the terrestrial station 510 controls the transmitted signal power of the terminal 520. The terrestrial station 510 includes a signal power controller 512 that is operative to generate a signal power command 515 responsive to a measure of received signal power 535 of a signal transmitted over a wireless channel 530 by the terminal 520. The terrestrial station 510 is further operative to transmit the signal power command 515 to the terminal 520. The terminal 520 receives the signal power command 515 and responsively controls its transmitted signal power 525. It will be appreciated that the power command 515 may comprise, for example, an indication of a desired absolute power level (e.g., X watts) and/or an incremental command, e.g., a command to increase or decrease the transmitted signal power 525 by a predetermined amount.

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative signal power control loop 600 in which a signal power controller 622 is resident in a terminal 620, rather than in a terrestrial station 610. The terrestrial station 610 receives signals from the terminal 620 over a radio channel 630. The terrestrial station 610 responsively determines received signal power 635 for the signal and transmits a measure 615 of the received signal power back to the terminal 620. The power controller 622 controls a transmitted signal power 625 of the terminal 620 responsive to the communicated power measure 615, i.e., using the power measure 615 as a feedback signal.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary power control loop 700 for controlling signal power for radio signals transmitted to a terminal 720 by a terrestrial station 710 of a satellite communications system, such as the system 100 illustrated in FIG. 1. The terminal 720 receives radio signals transmitted by the terrestrial station 710 over a radio channel 730. The terrestrial station 710 includes a signal power controller 712 that is operative to control its transmitted signal power 715 responsive to a measure 725 of received signal power 735 generated by the terminal 720. It will be appreciated that, in further embodiments of the present invention, an alternative to the configuration in FIG. 7 could involve providing the signal power control capability in the terminal 720, e.g., by providing a controller in the terminal 720 that transmits power commands to the terrestrial station 710.

Referring again to FIG. 1, in some embodiments of the invention, when a terminal 10 is communicating indirectly with a satellite 120 via a terrestrial station 110, power control loops, such as those described above with reference to FIGS. 5-7, may operate independently of links between the terrestrial station 110 and the satellite 120 and/or other components 130 of the system 100. For example, a separate power control loop may be used to control transmissions between the terrestrial station 110 and the satellite 120 and/or between the terrestrial station 110 and the gateway 132. Alternatively, a power control loop between the terminal 10 and the terrestrial station 110 may be interdependent with one or more power control loops that cover links between the terrestrial station and other parts of the system 100.

For example, FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary nested signal power control loop configuration that may be used when a terminal is indirectly communicating with a satellite via a terrestrial station as shown, for example, in FIG. 1, according to further embodiments of the present invention. In an inner signal power control loop 801, a power controller 812 at a terrestrial station 810 develops a power command 815 responsive to a power command 845, developed by an outer power control loop 802, and a signal representing received signal power 835 of a signal transmitted by a terminal 820 over a channel 830, i.e., a channel coupling the terminal 820 to the terrestrial station 810. The terminal 820 receives the power command 815 and responsively controls its transmitted signal power 825.

The outer loop power command 845 is generated by another power controller 842 resident in the satellite communications system, e.g., at a satellite and/or gateway 840. As shown, the power command 845 is developed by the power controller 842 responsive to a received signal power 855 of a signal transmitted by the terminal 820 and/or the terrestrial station 810 over a channel 830 linking the terminal 820 to the terrestrial station 810 and/or a channel 850 linking the terrestrial station 810 to the satellite or gateway 840.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of how power control may be implemented in a satellite-linked terrestrial station, such as the terrestrial station 110 of FIG. 1. A satellite-linked terrestrial station 900 includes a satellite antenna 901, a terrestrial antenna 902 and an interface converter 903. In the interface converter 903, signals received from a satellite via the satellite antenna 901 are processed by a bandpass filter 905 and a low noise amplifier (LNA) 910. The signal produced by the LNA 910 is processed by a demodulator & regenerator unit 915 to convert received information to a format, e.g., a bitstream or other datastream, suitable for remodulation and transmission to a terminal. The demodulator & regenerator unit 915 may, for example, produce datastreams that correspond to a GSM carrier frame format, and/or the frame format associated with any other protocol, that are to be transmitted from the terrestrial antenna 902 to one or more terminals. The demodulator & regenerator unit 915 may include or be associated with an interference reducer, such as a decision feedback interference reducer (not shown), that reduces interference in the signals received by the satellite antenna 901, e.g., interference generated by transmissions from the terrestrial antenna 902. The information recovered from the demodulator & regenerator unit 915 may then be remodulated by a modulator component 920. The remodulated signal is then filtered and amplified by a filter 925 and a power amplifier 930 to produce a signal for transmission to a terminal via the terrestrial antenna 902.

Signals received from a terminal via the terrestrial antenna 902 are processed by a bandpass filter 935 and an LNA 940. The signal produced by the LNA 940 is processed by a demodulator & regenerator unit 945 to convert received information to a format suitable for remodulation and transmission to a satellite via the satellite antenna 901. The demodulator & regenerator unit 945 may, for example, produce a datastream that corresponds to a plurality of GSM carriers (and/or carriers associated with any other protocol or air interface standard) received by the terrestrial antenna 902. The demodulator & regenerator unit 945 may include or be associated with an interference reducer, such as a decision feedback interference reducer (not shown), that reduces interference in the signals received by the terrestrial antenna 902, e.g., interference generated by transmissions from the satellite antenna 901. The information recovered from the demodulator & regenerator unit 945 is remodulated in a modulator component 950. The modulated signal is then filtered and amplified by a filter 955 and a power amplifier 960 to produce a signal for transmission to a satellite via the satellite antenna 901.

Information extracted by the demodulator and regenerator unit 915 may include signal power information, P_(bs1), relating to a level of a signal power that has been transmitted and/or is to be transmitted from the satellite antenna 901. For example, the power information P_(bs1) may comprise information representing a measure of a received signal power at a satellite and/or at an associated satellite gateway. The signal power information P_(bs1) may be used to control the transmit power amplifier 960 to substantially achieve a desired transmit power level from the satellite antenna 901. For example, the signal power information P_(bs1) may comprise a power command generated by a signal power controller (not shown) at the satellite and/or at the satellite gateway, and the power amplifier 960 may vary a transmit power responsive to the power command. In alternative embodiments, the signal power information P_(bs1) may comprise a measure of power, and a signal power controller incorporated with the power amplifier 960 may use this information as a control signal to adjust an output power of power amplifier 960.

The demodulator and regenerator unit 915 may also be operative to make its own received signal power measurements to develop signal power control information. P_(sat), relating to a signal received via the satellite antenna 901. The power control information P_(sat), which may be in the form of a power measurement and/or a power command, may be provided to the other demodulator and regenerator unit 945 for insertion in an outbound data stream such that the power control information may be conveyed back to the satellite and/or the satellite gateway(s) for use in controlling transmissions to the terrestrial station 900.

A similar approach may be used on the terrestrial (terminal) side. In particular, information extracted by the demodulator and regenerator unit 945 may include power information, P_(bs2), relating to a received signal power of a signal transmitted from the terrestrial antenna 902. For example, the power information P_(bs2) may comprise information indicating a received signal power measurement at a terminal. The signal power information P_(bs2) may be used to control the transmit power amplifier 930 to achieve a desired transmit power level. For example, the signal power information P_(bs2) may comprise a measure of a signal power that is received by a terminal, and a signal power controller that may be incorporated with the power amplifier 960 (or may be configured externally to power amplifier 930) may use this information as a feedback signal to adjust an output power level of power amplifier 930.

The demodulator and regenerator unit 945 may also be operative to make its own received signal power measurements to develop signal power information P_(mt) relating to signal power of a signal received via the terrestrial antenna 902. The power control information P_(mt), which may be in the form of a power measurement and/or a power command, may be provided to the other demodulator and regenerator unit 915, e.g., for insertion in an outbound data stream such that the power control information may be conveyed back to the terminal for use in controlling transmissions to the terrestrial station 900. It will be appreciated that the power control information flows illustrated in FIG. 9 may support, for example, each of the control loop configurations shown in FIGS. 5-7.

Referring again to FIG. 9, in some embodiments, in order to reduce a potential for interference, the terrestrial antenna 902 may be configured to communicate information to a terminal by radiating a substantially orthogonal polarization relative to a polarization that may be used by another system, particularly if the other system may be reusing at least some of the frequencies that may also be used by the terrestrial antenna 902 to communicate with the terminal. In some embodiments, in order to increase a return-link margin from a terminal to the terrestrial station 900, the terrestrial antenna 902 may be configured to receive information from the terminal via at least two substantially orthogonally polarized elements that may also be operative in a space diversity configuration. In other embodiments, in order to improve an efficiency measure of a link and/or reduce a potential for interference, the radiation pattern of the terrestrial antenna 902 in a forward- and/or a return-link may be responsive to a measure of location of a terminal. Still in other embodiments, the terrestrial station 900 may be configured to communicate with a terminal in a Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode.

In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed exemplary embodiments of the invention. Although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being defined by the following claims. 

1. A method of operating a satellite wireless communications system including a satellite configured to communicate with terminals directly and to communicate with terminals indirectly via a terrestrial station, the method comprising: providing a signal power control loop for a link between the terrestrial station and a terminal when the terminal and the satellite are linked via the terrestrial station.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the terrestrial station is configured on a vehicle.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the terrestrial station is distributed over a geographic region.
 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the terrestrial station is substantially localized at a specific geographic location.
 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the terrestrial station transmits information to a terminal using a polarization that is substantially orthogonal to the polarization used by an other system.
 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the terrestrial station receives information from a terminal using at least two antenna elements that are substantially orthogonally polarized and/or configured in space diversity.
 7. A method according to claim 1 wherein the terrestrial station receives and/or transmits information in a Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode and/or via an antenna pattern responsive to a location of a terminal.
 8. A method according to claim 1, further comprising providing a signal power control loop for a direct link between the terminal and the satellite when the terminal is in direct communication with the satellite.
 9. A method according to claim 1, wherein the signal power control loop controls transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station.
 10. A method according to claim 9, wherein the signal power control loop controls transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station independent of signal power control for a link between the terrestrial station and the satellite.
 11. A method according to claim 1, wherein providing a signal power control loop for a link between the terrestrial station and a terminal when the terminal and the satellite are linked via the terrestrial station comprises providing a first signal power control loop for a first link between the terrestrial station and the terminal and further comprising providing a second signal power control loop for a combination of the first link and a second link between the terrestrial station and the satellite concurrent with provision of the first signal power control loop.
 12. A method according to claim 11, wherein the first control loop is responsive to the second control loop.
 13. A method according to claim 1, wherein providing a signal power control loop for a link between the terrestrial station and a terminal comprises: receiving a signal transmitted by the terminal at the terrestrial station; generating power control information responsive to the received signal; communicating the power control information to the terminal from the terrestrial station; and controlling a transmitted signal power of the terminal responsive to the communicated power control information.
 14. A method according to claim 13: wherein generating power control information responsive to the received signal comprises generating a measure of received signal power; wherein communicating the power control information to the terminal from the terrestrial station comprises communicating the measure of received signal power; and wherein controlling a transmitted signal power of the terminal responsive to the communicated power control information comprises controlling the signal power of the terminal using the communicated measure of received signal power as a control feedback signal.
 15. A method according to claim 14: wherein generating power control information responsive to the received signal comprises generating a power command; wherein communicating the power control information to the terminal from the terrestrial station comprises communicating the power command; and wherein controlling a transmitted signal power of the terminal responsive to the communicated power control information comprises controlling the signal power of the terminal to conform to the communicated power command.
 16. A method according to claim 1, wherein providing a signal power control loop for a link between the terrestrial station and a terminal comprises: receiving a signal transmitted by the terrestrial station at the terminal; generating power control information responsive to the received signal; communicating the power control information to the terrestrial station from the terminal; and controlling a transmitted signal power of the terrestrial station responsive to the communicated power control information.
 17. A method according to claim 16: wherein generating power control information responsive to the received signal comprises generating a measure of received signal power; wherein communicating the power control information to the terrestrial station from the terminal comprises communicating the measure of received signal power; and wherein controlling a transmitted signal power of the terrestrial station responsive to the communicated power control information comprises controlling the signal power of the terrestrial station using the communicated measure of received signal power as a control feedback signal.
 18. A method according to claim 16: wherein generating power control information responsive to the received signal comprises generating a power command; wherein communicating the power control information to the terrestrial station from the terminal comprises communicating the power command; and wherein controlling a transmitted signal power of the terrestrial station responsive to the communicated power control information comprises controlling the signal power of the terrestrial station to conform to the communicated power command.
 19. A satellite wireless communications system comprising: a satellite configured to communicate with terminals directly and to communicate with terminals indirectly via a terrestrial station; and a first signal power control loop that controls a first link between the terrestrial station and the terminal when the terminal and the satellite are linked via the terrestrial station; and a second signal power control loop that controls a second link between the terminal and the satellite when the terminal is in direct communication with the satellite.
 20. A system according to claim 19, wherein the first signal power control loop controls transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station.
 21. A system according to claim 20, wherein the first signal power control loop controls transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station independent of signal power control for a link between the terrestrial station and the satellite.
 22. A system according to claim 19, further comprising a third signal power control loop that controls a combination of the first link and the second link between the terrestrial station and the satellite concurrent with the first signal power control loop.
 23. A system according to claim 22, wherein the first control loop is responsive to the third control loop.
 24. A satellite wireless communications system comprising: a satellite and a terrestrial station, the satellite configured to communicate with terminals directly and to communicate with terminals indirectly via the terrestrial station; and a signal power controller operative to control a signal power control loop for a link between the terrestrial station and a terminal when the terminal and the satellite are linked via the terrestrial station.
 25. A system according to claim 24, wherein the signal power controller is operative to control transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station.
 26. A system according to claim 25, wherein the signal power controller is operative to control transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station independent of signal power control for a link between the terrestrial station and the satellite.
 27. A system according to claim 24, wherein the signal power controller comprises a first signal power controller that controls a first power control loop for a first link between the terrestrial station and the terminal and further comprising a second signal power controller that controls a second signal power control loop for a combination of the first link and a second link between the terrestrial station and the satellite concurrent with provision of the first signal power control loop.
 28. A system according to claim 27, wherein the first signal power controller is responsive to the second signal power controller.
 29. A system according to claim 24, wherein the terrestrial station comprises: a first demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a signal received from the satellite and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a first regenerated signal; a first modulator configured to modulate the first regenerated signal; a first power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated first regenerated signal for transmission to the terminal; a second demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a received signal from the terminal and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a second regenerated signal; a second modulator configured to modulate the second regenerated signal; a second power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated second regenerated signal for transmission to the satellite; wherein the first demodulation and regeneration unit is operative to extract transmitted power control information from the signal received from the satellite and to control the second power amplifier responsive thereto; and wherein the second demodulation and regeneration unit is operative to extract transmitted power control information from the signal received from the terminal and to control the first power amplifier responsive thereto.
 30. A system according to claim 24, wherein the terrestrial station comprises: a first demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a signal received from the satellite and to regenerate the demodulated signal to provide a first regenerated signal; a first modulator configured to modulate the first regenerated signal; a first power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated first regenerated signal for transmission to the terminal; a second demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a received signal from the terminal and to regenerate the demodulated signal to provide a second regenerated signal; a second modulator configured to modulate the second regenerated signal; a second power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated second regenerated signal for transmission to the satellite; wherein the first demodulation and regeneration unit is operative to determine received signal power for the signal received from the satellite and to provide power control information to the second demodulation and regeneration unit responsive thereto; and wherein the second demodulation and regeneration unit is operative to determine received signal power for the signal received from the terminal and to provide power control information to the first demodulation and regeneration unit responsive thereto.
 31. A system according to claim 24, wherein the signal power controller is positioned at the terrestrial station.
 32. A system according to claim 24, wherein the signal power controller is positioned at the terminal.
 33. A terrestrial station for a satellite wireless communications system including a satellite configured to communicate with terminals directly and to communicate with terminals indirectly via the terrestrial station, the terrestrial station comprising: an interface converter operative to translate between air interfaces for a first link between the terrestrial station and a terminal and second link between the terrestrial station and the satellite and to communicate power control information for a power control loop for the first link.
 34. A system according to claim 33 wherein the terrestrial station is configured on a vehicle.
 35. A system according to claim 33 wherein the terrestrial station is distributed over a geographic region.
 36. A system according to claim 33 wherein the terrestrial station is substantially localized at a specific geographic location.
 37. A system according to claim 33 wherein the terrestrial station transmits information to a terminal using a polarization that is substantially orthogonal to the polarization used by an other system.
 38. A system according to claim 33 wherein the terrestrial station receives information from a terminal using at least two antenna elements that are substantially orthogonally polarized and/or configured in space diversity.
 39. A system according to claim 33 wherein the terrestrial station receives and/or transmits information in a Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode and/or via an antenna pattern responsive to a location of a terminal.
 40. A station according to claim 33, further comprising a signal power controller operative to control transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station responsive to the communicated power control information.
 41. A station according to claim 40, wherein the signal power controller is operative to control transmitted signal power of the terminal and/or the terrestrial station independent of signal power control for the second link between the terrestrial station and the satellite.
 42. A system according to claim 33, wherein the interface converter comprises: a first demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a signal received from the satellite and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a first regenerated signal; a first modulator configured to modulate the first regenerated signal; a first power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated first regenerated signal for transmission to the terminal; a second demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a received signal from the terminal and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a second regenerated signal; a second modulator configured to modulate the second regenerated signal; a second power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated second regenerated signal for transmission to the satellite; wherein the first demodulation and regeneration unit is operative to extract transmitted power control information from the signal received from the satellite and to control the second power amplifier responsive thereto; and wherein the second demodulation and regeneration unit is operative to extract transmitted power control information from the signal received from the terminal and to control the first power amplifier responsive thereto.
 43. A system according to claim 33, wherein the interface converter comprises: a first demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a signal received from the satellite and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a first regenerated signal; a first modulator configured to modulate the first regenerated signal; a first power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated first regenerated signal for transmission to the terminal; a second demodulation and regeneration unit configured to demodulate a received signal from the terminal and to regenerate the demodulated signal to produce a second regenerated signal; a second modulator configured to modulate the second regenerated signal; a second power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated second regenerated signal for transmission to the satellite; wherein the first demodulation and regeneration unit is operative to determine received signal power for the signal received from the satellite and to provide power control information to the second demodulation and regeneration unit responsive thereto; and wherein the second demodulation and regeneration unit is operative to determine received signal power for the signal received from the terminal and to provide power control information to the first demodulation and regeneration unit responsive thereto. 